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The second knot polynomial discovered. Unlike the first-discovered Alexander polynomial, the Jones polynomial can sometimes distinguish handedness (as can its more powerful ...

The Kaprekar routine is an algorithm discovered in 1949 by D. R. Kaprekar for 4-digit numbers, but which can be generalized to k-digit numbers. To apply the Kaprekar routine ...

LCF notation is a concise and convenient notation devised by Joshua Lederberg (winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine) for the representation of cubic ...

A line is a straight one-dimensional figure having no thickness and extending infinitely in both directions. A line is sometimes called a straight line or, more archaically, ...

In 1803, Malfatti posed the problem of determining the three circular columns of marble of possibly different sizes which, when carved out of a right triangular prism, would ...

The Mangoldt function is the function defined by Lambda(n)={lnp if n=p^k for p a prime; 0 otherwise, (1) sometimes also called the lambda function. exp(Lambda(n)) has the ...

The Mertens function is the summary function M(n)=sum_(k=1)^nmu(k), (1) where mu(n) is the Möbius function (Mertens 1897; Havil 2003, p. 208). The first few values are 1, 0, ...

Calculus of variations can be used to find the curve from a point (x_1,y_1) to a point (x_2,y_2) which, when revolved around the x-axis, yields a surface of smallest surface ...

A hyperboloid is a quadratic surface which may be one- or two-sheeted. The one-sheeted hyperboloid is a surface of revolution obtained by rotating a hyperbola about the ...

Assume that n numbered pancakes are stacked, and that a spatula can be used to reverse the order of the top k pancakes for 2<=k<=n. Then the pancake sorting problem asks how ...