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Given a set S of n nonnegative integers, the number partitioning problem requires the division of S into two subsets such that the sums of number in each subset are as close ...

The reciprocal of a real or complex number z!=0 is its multiplicative inverse 1/z=z^(-1), i.e., z to the power -1. The reciprocal of zero is undefined. A plot of the ...

The term "quotient" is most commonly used to refer to the ratio q=r/s of two quantities r and s, where s!=0. Less commonly, the term quotient is also used to mean the integer ...

Given a Schwarz triangle (p q r), replacing each polygon vertex with its antipodes gives the three colunar spherical triangles (p q^' r^'),(p^' q r^'),(p^' q^' r), (1) where ...

Spherical triangles into which a sphere is divided by the planes of symmetry of a uniform polyhedron.

Let a spherical triangle have sides a, b, and c with A, B, and C the corresponding opposite angles. Then (sin[1/2(a-b)])/(sin(1/2c)) = (sin[1/2(A-B)])/(cos(1/2C)) (1) ...

A tesseral harmonic is a spherical harmonic of the form cos; sin(mphi)P_l^m(costheta). These harmonics are so named because the curves on which they vanish are l-m parallels ...

A zonal harmonic is a spherical harmonic of the form P_l(costheta), i.e., one which reduces to a Legendre polynomial (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 302). These harmonics are ...

The backslash symbol \ is used to denote a set difference, quotient group, or integer division.

A ring without zero divisors in which an integer norm and an associated division algorithm (i.e., a Euclidean algorithm) can be defined. For signed integers, the usual norm ...