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A shortest path between two vertices of a graph is a graph path of shortest possible length between them. Such paths are also known as graph geodesics, and the matrix giving ...

Two matrices A and B which satisfy AB=BA (1) under matrix multiplication are said to be commuting. In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative. Furthermore, in ...

A permutation group (G,X) is k-homogeneous if it is transitive on unordered k-subsets of X. The projective special linear group PSL(2,q) is 3-homogeneous if q=3 (mod 4).

A fraction p/q>=1. A fraction with p/q<1 is called a proper fraction. Therefore, the special cases 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, etc. are generally considered to be improper.

A special ideal in a commutative ring R. The Jacobson radical is the intersection of the maximal ideals in R. It could be the zero ideal, as in the case of the integers.

A line bundle is a special case of a vector bundle in which the fiber is either R, in the case of a real line bundle, or C, in the case of a complex line bundle.

A right pyramid is a pyramid for which the apex lies directly above the centroid of the base. A regular pyramid is therefore a special case of a right pyramid.

A horizontal line placed under a symbol to indicate some special property. Underscores are sometimes used instead of over-arrows or bold typeface to indicate a vector, for ...

The eigenvector corresponding to the second smallest eigenvalue (i.e., the algebraic connectivity) of the Laplacian matrix of a graph G. The Fiedler vector is used in ...

The Steiner triangle DeltaS_AS_BS_C (a term coined here for the first time), is the Cevian triangle of the Steiner point S. It is the polar triangle of the Kiepert parabola. ...