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Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

The integral kernel in the Poisson integral, given by K(psi)=1/(2pi)(1-|z_0|^2)/(|z_0-e^(ipsi)|^2) (1) for the open unit disk D(0,1). Writing z_0=re^(itheta) and taking ...

A polar representation of a complex measure mu is analogous to the polar representation of a complex number as z=re^(itheta), where r=|z|, dmu=e^(itheta)d|mu|. (1) The analog ...

The theorem in set theory and logic that for all sets A and B, B=(A intersection B^_) union (B intersection A^_)<=>A=emptyset, (1) where A^_ denotes complement set of A and ...

The power tower of order k is defined as a^^k=a^(a^(·^(·^(·^a))))_()_(k), (1) where ^ is Knuth up-arrow notation (Knuth 1976), which in turn is defined by ...

Let f:A->B be a map between sets A and B. Let Y subset= B. Then the preimage of Y under f is denoted by f^(-1)(Y), and is the set of all elements of A that map to elements in ...

Consider the expression 3×7+2^2. This expression has value (3×7)+(2^2)=25 due to what is called operator precedence (or "order of operations"). Precedence of common operators ...

Consider a bivariate normal distribution in variables x and y with covariance rho=rho_(11)=<xy>-<x><y> (1) and an arbitrary function g(x,y). Then the expected value of the ...

Given a matrix A, its QR-decomposition is a matrix decomposition of the form A=QR, where R is an upper triangular matrix and Q is an orthogonal matrix, i.e., one satisfying ...

Given a random variable X with continuous and strictly monotonic probability density function f(X), a quantile function Q_f assigns to each probability p attained by f the ...