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The operating of shifting the leading digits of an addition into the next column to the left when the sum of that column exceeds a single digit (i.e., 9 in base 10).

The Casoratian of sequences x_n^((1)), x_n^((2)), ..., x_n^((k)) is defined by the k×k determinant C(x_n^((1)),x_n^((2)),...,x_n^((k))) =|x_n^((1)) x_n^((2)) ... x_n^((k)); ...

The conjecture proposed by Catalan in 1888 and extended by E. Dickson that each aliquot sequence ends in a prime, a perfect number, or a set of sociable numbers. The ...

Find consecutive powers, i.e., solutions to x^p-y^q=+/-1, excluding 0 and 1. Catalan's conjecture states that the only solution is 3^2-2^3=1, so 8 and 9 (2^3 and 3^2) are the ...

There are two identities known as Catalan's identity. The first is F_n^2-F_(n+r)F_(n-r)=(-1)^(n-r)F_r^2, where F_n is a Fibonacci number. Letting r=1 gives Cassini's ...

A sequence a_1, a_2, ... such that the metric d(a_m,a_n) satisfies lim_(min(m,n)->infty)d(a_m,a_n)=0. Cauchy sequences in the rationals do not necessarily converge, but they ...

A figurate number of the form, CCub_n=n^3+(n-1)^3=(2n-1)(n^2-n+1). The first few are 1, 9, 35, 91, 189, 341, ... (OEIS A005898). The generating function for the centered cube ...

A figurate number in which layers of polygons are drawn centered about a point instead of with the point at a polygon vertex.

The centralizer of an element z of a group G is the set of elements of G which commute with z, C_G(z)={x in G,xz=zx}. Likewise, the centralizer of a subgroup H of a group G ...

A fake knot (i.e., a knot equivalent to the unknot) created by tying a square knot, then looping one end twice through the knot such that when both ends are pulled, the knot ...