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A strategy for the iterated prisoner's dilemma in which a prisoner cooperates on the first move, and thereafter copies the previous move of the other prisoner. Any better ...

Transparallel processing refers to this search for regularities in O(2^N) strings as if only one string of length N were concerned (as is possible if the strings form a ...

A vector sum is the result of adding two or more vectors together via vector addition. It is denoted using the normal plus sign, i.e., the vector sum of vectors A, B, and C ...

An odd alternating permutation number, more commonly called an Euler number or secant number.

Theory of Computation

A generalized hypergeometric function _pF_q[alpha_1,alpha_2,...,alpha_p; beta_1,beta_2,...,beta_q;z], is said to be k-balanced if sum_(i=1)^qbeta_i=k+sum_(i=1)^palpha_i.

A prime number (or prime integer, often simply called a "prime" for short) is a positive integer p>1 that has no positive integer divisors other than 1 and p itself. More ...

Let s=1/(sqrt(2pi))[Gamma(1/4)]^2=5.2441151086... (1) (OEIS A064853) be the arc length of a lemniscate with a=1. Then the lemniscate constant is the quantity L = 1/2s (2) = ...

Given a number n, Fermat's factorization methods look for integers x and y such that n=x^2-y^2. Then n=(x-y)(x+y) (1) and n is factored. A modified form of this observation ...

Let G be a finite graph and v a vertex of G. The stabilizer of v, stab(v), is the set of group elements {g in Aut(G)|g(v)=v}, where Aut(g) is the graph automorphism group. ...