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A labeling phi of (the vertices) of a graph G with positive integers taken from the set {1,2,...,r} is said to be r-distinguishing if no graph automorphism of G preserves all ...

The divergence theorem, more commonly known especially in older literature as Gauss's theorem (e.g., Arfken 1985) and also known as the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, is a ...

An illusion studied by the psychologist Walter Ehrenstein in which the sides of a square placed inside a pattern of concentric circles take an apparent curved shape. The name ...

The ordinary differential equation y^('')-(a+bk^2sn^2x+qk^4sn^4x)y=0, where snx=sn(x,k) is a Jacobi elliptic function (Arscott 1981).

The group of an elliptic curve which has been transformed to the form y^2=x^3+ax+b is the set of K-rational points, including the single point at infinity. The group law ...

The envelope of a one-parameter family of curves given implicitly by U(x,y,c)=0, (1) or in parametric form by (f(t,c),g(t,c)), is a curve that touches every member of the ...

The pedal curve of an epicycloid x = (a+b)cost-b[((a+b)t)/b] (1) y = (a+b)sint-bsin[((a+b)t)/b] (2) with pedal point at the origin is x_p = 1/2(a+2b){cost-cos[((a+b)t)/b]} ...

A differential of the form df=P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy (1) is exact (also called a total differential) if intdf is path-independent. This will be true if ...

An exterior angle beta of a polygon is the angle formed externally between two adjacent sides. It is therefore equal to 2pi-alpha, where alpha is the corresponding internal ...

The term folium means "leaf" in Latin and refers and refers to a plane curve having "leaf-shaped" rounded lobes. There are a number of different sorts of folia, including ...