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If R is a ring (commutative with 1), the height of a prime ideal p is defined as the supremum of all n so that there is a chain p_0 subset ...p_(n-1) subset p_n=p where all ...

A root-finding algorithm also called Bailey's method and Hutton's method. For a function of the form g(x)=x^d-r, Lambert's method gives an iteration function ...

If a compact manifold M has nonnegative Ricci curvature tensor, then its fundamental group has at most polynomial growth. On the other hand, if M has negative curvature, then ...

Model completion is a term employed when existential closure is successful. The formation of the complex numbers, and the move from affine to projective geometry, are ...

The set of nilpotent elements in a commutative ring is an ideal, and it is called the nilradical. Another equivalent description is that it is the intersection of the prime ...

An n-dimensional open ball of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Explicitly, the open ball with center x ...

An open interval is an interval that does not include its end points. The open interval {x:a<x<b} is denoted (a,b), although the nonstandard notation ]a,b[ is sometimes also ...

The four of Hilbert's axioms which concern the arrangement of points.

The oriented matroid of a finite configuration of points extracts relative position and orientation information from the configuration. An oriented matroid can be described ...

In the above figure, the sides a and b have the same length, appearances to the contrary. In the related illusion illustrated above, the interior lines appear to be of ...