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A type of number involving the roots of unity which was developed by Kummer while trying to solve Fermat's last theorem. Although factorization over the integers is unique ...

A prize of 100000 German marks offered for the first valid proof of Fermat's last theorem (Ball and Coxeter 1987, p. 72; Barner 1997; Hoffman 1998, pp. 193-194 and 199). The ...

The Pappus configuration is the 9_3 configuration illustrated above that appears in Pappus's hexagon theorem. It is one of the three 9_3 configurations. The Levi graph of the ...

Circumscribe a triangle about a circle, another circle around the triangle, a square outside the circle, another circle outside the square, and so on. The circumradius and ...

The term "integral" can refer to a number of different concepts in mathematics. The most common meaning is the the fundamenetal object of calculus corresponding to summing ...

The theorem in set theory and logic that for all sets A and B, B=(A intersection B^_) union (B intersection A^_)<=>A=emptyset, (1) where A^_ denotes complement set of A and ...

A "pointwise-bounded" family of continuous linear operators from a Banach space to a normed space is "uniformly bounded." Symbolically, if sup||T_i(x)|| is finite for each x ...

For every positive integer n, there exists a circle which contains exactly n lattice points in its interior. H. Steinhaus proved that for every positive integer n, there ...

Linnik's constant L is the constant appearing in Linnik's theorem. Heath-Brown (1992) has shown that L<=5.5, and Schinzel, Sierpiński, and Kanold (Ribenboim 1989) have ...

In 1891, Chebyshev and Sylvester showed that for sufficiently large x, there exists at least one prime number p satisfying x<p<(1+alpha)x, where alpha=0.092.... Since the ...