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The functions (also called the circular functions) comprising trigonometry: the cosecant cscx, cosine cosx, cotangent cotx, secant secx, sine sinx, and tangent tanx. However, ...

The trilogarithm Li_3(z), sometimes also denoted L_3, is special case of the polylogarithm Li_n(z) for n=3. Note that the notation Li_3(x) for the trilogarithm is ...

The twinplex graph is the graph illustrated above in a number of embeddings which corresponds to the graph labeled Gamma_2 in Fischer and Little (2011). It is a cubic ...

The upper half-plane is the portion of the complex plane {x+iy:x,y in (-infty,infty)} satisfying y=I[z]>0 i.e., {x+iy:x in (-infty,infty),y in (0,infty)}. Common notations ...

The Yiu A-circle of a reference triangle DeltaABC is the circle passing through vertex A and the reflections of vertices B and C with respect to the opposite sides. The Yiu ...

The identity element of an additive monoid or group or of any other algebraic structure (e.g., ring, module, abstract vector space, algebra) equipped with an addition. It is ...

Given a positive nondecreasing sequence 0<lambda_1<=lambda_2<=..., the zeta-regularized product is defined by product_(n=1)^^^inftylambda_n=exp(-zeta_lambda^'(0)), where ...

Let a divisor d of n be called a 1-ary (or unitary) divisor if d_|_n/d (i.e., d is relatively prime to n/d). Then d is called a k-ary divisor of n, written d|_kn, if the ...

The prime counting function is the function pi(x) giving the number of primes less than or equal to a given number x (Shanks 1993, p. 15). For example, there are no primes ...

The objective of global optimization is to find the globally best solution of (possibly nonlinear) models, in the (possible or known) presence of multiple local optima. ...