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A codeword is an element of an error-correcting code C. If C has length n, then a codeword in C has the form (c_1,c_2,...,c_n), where each c_i is a letter in the alphabet of ...

A test used to determine the statistical significance of an observation. Two main types of error can occur: 1. A type I error occurs when a false negative result is obtained ...

Let there be x successes out of n Bernoulli trials. The sample proportion is the fraction of samples which were successes, so p^^=x/n. (1) For large n, p^^ has an ...

The degree to which a given quantity is correct and free from error. For example, a quantity specified as 100+/-1 has an (absolute) accuracy of +/-1 (meaning its true value ...

A linear code over a finite field with q elements F_q is a linear subspace C subset F_q^n. The vectors forming the subspace are called codewords. When codewords are chosen ...

A binary Hamming code H_r of length n=2^r-1 (with r>=2) is a linear code with parity-check matrix H whose columns consist of all nonzero binary vectors of length r, each used ...

The process of approximating a quantity, be it for convenience or, as in the case of numerical computations, of necessity. If rounding is performed on each of a series of ...

Significance arithmetic is the arithmetic of approximate numerical quantities that not only keeps track of numerical results, but also uses error propagation to track their ...

Relates invariants of a curve defined over the integers. If this inequality were proven true, then Fermat's last theorem would follow for sufficiently large exponents. ...

A large number defined as where the circle notation denotes "n in n squares," and triangles and squares are expanded in terms of Steinhaus-Moser notation (Steinhaus 1999, pp. ...