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The logarithm of the reciprocal of a number, equal to the negative of the logarithm of the number itself, cologx=log(1/x)=-logx.

An m×1 matrix [a_(11); a_(21); |; a_(m1)].

The value of b, where a=b (mod m), taken to be nonnegative and smaller than m.

A ring is commutative if the multiplication operation is commutative.

Two algebraic objects that are commutative, i.e., A and B such that A*B=B*A for some operation *, are said to commute with each other.

A surface which has no edges.

All lengths can be expressed as real numbers.

A complex polynomial is a polynomial with complex coefficients.

CP.

A vector whose elements are complex numbers.