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A region in a knot or link projection plane surrounded by a circle such that the knot or link crosses the circle exactly four times. Two tangles are equivalent if a sequence ...

The triangular orthobicupola is Johnson solid J_(27), consisting of eight equilateral triangles and six squares. If a triangular orthobicupola is oriented with triangles on ...

A vertex cut, also called a vertex cut set or separating set (West 2000, p. 148), of a connected graph G is a subset of the vertex set S subset= V(G) such that G-S has more ...

The simple process of voting leads to surprisingly counterintuitive paradoxes. For example, if three people vote for three candidates, giving the rankings A, B, C; B, C, A; ...

Let A denote an R-algebra, so that A is a vector space over R and A×A->A (1) (x,y)|->x·y. (2) Then A is said to be alternative if, for all x,y in A, (x·y)·y=x·(y·y) (3) ...

A variable that may assume complex values.

Let (X,B,mu) be a measure space and let E be a measurable set with mu(E)<infty. Let {f_n} be a sequence of measurable functions on E such that each f_n is finite almost ...

Factor analysis allows the determination of common axes influencing sets of independent measured sets. It is "the granddaddy of multivariate techniques (Gould 1996, pp. ...

A polynomial with matrix coefficients. An nth order matrix polynomial in a variable t is given by P(t)=A_0+A_1t+A_2t^2+...+A_nt^n, where A_k are p×p square matrices.

Monster-barring is a term coined by Lakatos (1976) to refer to the refining of a hypothesis to rule out nasty counterexamples (Bailey et al. 2007, p. 11).