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A busy beaver is an n-state, 2-color Turing machine which writes a maximum number Sigma(n) of 1s before halting (Rado 1962; Lin and Rado 1965; Shallit 1998). Alternatively, ...

A sum of the digits in a given transmission modulo some number. The simplest form of checksum is a parity bit appended on to 7-bit numbers (e.g., ASCII characters) such that ...

A gambling game played at carnivals in which a player may bet on any one of the numbers 1 through 6. Three dice are then rolled and, if his number appears, he receives back a ...

In a 1631 edition of Academiae Algebrae, J. Faulhaber published the general formula for the power sum of the first n positive integers, sum_(k=1)^(n)k^p = H_(n,-p) (1) = ...

A (-1,0,1)-matrix is a matrix whose elements consist only of the numbers -1, 0, or 1. The number of distinct (-1,0,1)-n×n matrices (counting row and column permutations, the ...

A prime number p is called circular if it remains prime after any cyclic permutation of its digits. An example in base-10 is 1,193 because 1,931, 9,311, and 3,119 are all ...

If n>1 and n|1^(n-1)+2^(n-1)+...+(n-1)^(n-1)+1, is n necessarily a prime? In other words, defining s_n=sum_(k=1)^(n-1)k^(n-1), does there exist a composite n such that s_n=-1 ...

A prime factorization algorithm also known as Pollard Monte Carlo factorization method. There are two aspects to the Pollard rho factorization method. The first is the idea ...

There appears to be no term in standard use for a graph with graph crossing number 1. Furthermore, the terms "almost planar" and "1-planar" are used in the literature for ...

A well-covered graph is a graph for which every minimal vertex cover has the same size, which is equivalent to every maximal independent vertex set being the same size. It is ...