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The word multiplicity is a general term meaning "the number of values for which a given condition holds." For example, the term is used to refer to the value of the totient ...

The depth of a vertex v in a rooted tree as the number of edges from v to the root vertex. A function to return the depth of a vertex v in a tree g may be implemented in a ...

The set of projective projectively extended real numbers. Unfortunately, the notation is not standardized, so the set of affinely extended real numbers, denoted here R^_, is ...

A polynomial with real positive coefficients and roots which are either negative or pairwise conjugate with negative real parts.

A k-matrix is a kind of cube root of the identity matrix (distinct from the identity matrix) which is defined by the complex matrix k=[0 0 -i; i 0 0; 0 1 0]. It satisfies ...

Newton's method, also called the Newton-Raphson method, is a root-finding algorithm that uses the first few terms of the Taylor series of a function f(x) in the vicinity of a ...

A real-linear vector space H equipped with a symplectic form s.

The only linear associative algebra in which the coordinates are real numbers and products vanish only if one factor is zero are the field of real numbers, the field of ...

A complex number z is said to be purely imaginary if it has no real part, i.e., R[z]=0. The term is often used in preference to the simpler "imaginary" in situations where z ...

An Argand diagram is a plot of complex numbers as points z=x+iy in the complex plane using the x-axis as the real axis and y-axis as the imaginary axis. In the plot above, ...