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A mathematical object defined for a set and a binary operator in which the multiplication operation is associative. No other restrictions are placed on a semigroup; thus a ...

A separating family is a set of subsets in which each pair of adjacent elements are found separated, each in one of two disjoint subsets. The 26 letters of the alphabet can ...

SNTP(n) is the smallest prime such that p#-1, p#, or p#+1 is divisible by n, where p# is the primorial of p. Ashbacher (1996) shows that SNTP(n) only exists 1. If there are ...

A game played with two heaps of counters in which a player may take any number from either heap or the same number from both. The player taking the last counter wins. The rth ...

A projective plane, sometimes called a twisted sphere (Henle 1994, p. 110), is a surface without boundary derived from a usual plane by addition of a line at infinity. Just ...

Let a!=b, A, and B denote positive integers satisfying (a,b)=1 (A,B)=1, (i.e., both pairs are relatively prime), and suppose every prime p=B (mod A) with (p,2ab)=1 is ...

The arithmetic-geometric mean agm(a,b) of two numbers a and b (often also written AGM(a,b) or M(a,b)) is defined by starting with a_0=a and b_0=b, then iterating a_(n+1) = ...

A branch cut is a curve (with ends possibly open, closed, or half-open) in the complex plane across which an analytic multivalued function is discontinuous. For convenience, ...

A polygonal number is a type of figurate number that is a generalization of triangular, square, etc., to an n-gon for n an arbitrary positive integer. The above diagrams ...

The product of primes p_n#=product_(k=1)^np_k, (1) with p_n the nth prime, is called the primorial function, by analogy with the factorial function. Its logarithm is closely ...