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Define the Euler measure of a polyhedral set as the Euler integral of its indicator function. It is easy to show by induction that the Euler measure of a closed bounded ...

Since |(a+ib)(c+id)| = |a+ib||c+di| (1) |(ac-bd)+i(bc+ad)| = sqrt(a^2+b^2)sqrt(c^2+d^2), (2) it follows that (a^2+b^2)(c^2+d^2) = (ac-bd)^2+(bc+ad)^2 (3) = e^2+f^2. (4) This ...

This theorem states that, for a partial differential equation involving a time derivative of order n, the solution is uniquely determined if time derivatives up to order n-1 ...

The coheight of a proper ideal I of a commutative Noetherian unit ring R is the Krull dimension of the quotient ring R/I. The coheight is related to the height of I by the ...

The Gosper island (Mandelbrot 1977), also known as a flowsnake (Gardner 1989, p. 41), is a fractal that is a modification of the Koch snowflake. The term "Gosper island" was ...

Given a finitely generated Z-graded module M over a graded ring R (finitely generated over R_0, which is an Artinian local ring), define the Hilbert function of M as the map ...

A shuffle of a deck of cards obtained by successively exchanging the cards in position 1, 2, ..., n with cards in randomly chosen positions. For 4<=n<=17, the most frequent ...

Informally, the sample space for a given set of events is the set of all possible values the events may assume. Formally, the set of possible events for a given random ...

Let (K,L) be a pair consisting of finite, connected CW-complexes where L is a subcomplex of K. Define the associated chain complex C(K,L) group-wise for each p by setting ...

In two-dimensional bipolar coordinates, Laplace's equation is ((coshv-cosu)^2)/(a^2)((partialF^2)/(partialu^2)+(partialF^2)/(partialv^2))=0, which simplifies to ...