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The double bar symbol | is used to denote certain kinds of norms in mathematics (e.g., ||x|| or ||x||_2). It is also used to denote parallel lines, as in A∥B, and in an older ...

Down arrow notation is an inverse of the Knuth up-arrow notation defined by evn = lnn (1) evvn = ln^*n (2) evvvn = ln^(**)n, (3) where ln^*n is the number of times the ...

The sum of powers of even divisors of a number. It is the analog of the divisor function for even divisors only and is written sigma_k^((e))(n). It is given simply in terms ...

The exponential sum function e_n(x), sometimes also denoted exp_n(x), is defined by e_n(x) = sum_(k=0)^(n)(x^k)/(k!) (1) = (e^xGamma(n+1,x))/(Gamma(n+1)), (2) where ...

A graph G is said to be flexible if the vertices of G can be moved continuously so that (1) the distances between adjacent vertices are unchanged, and (2) at least two ...

V_t=e^(-ytau)S_tN(d_1)-e^(-rtau)KN(d_2), where N is the cumulative normal distribution and d_1,d_2=(log((S_t)/K)+(r-y+/-1/2sigma^2)tau)/(sigmasqrt(tau)). If y=0, this is the ...

The Gaussian joint variable theorem, also called the multivariate theorem, states that given an even number of variates from a normal distribution with means all 0, (1) etc. ...

The gear curve is a curve resembling a gear with n teeth given by the parametric equations x = rcost (1) y = rsint, (2) where r=a+1/btanh[bsin(nt)], (3) where tanhx is the ...

One billion (10^9) bytes. Unfortunately, the term is sometimes also used to mean 2^(30)=1024^3=1073741824 bytes. However, this usage is deprecated, and the term gibibyte is ...

A necessary and sufficient condition that there should exist at least one nondecreasing function alpha(t) such that mu_n=int_(-infty)^inftyt^ndalpha(t) for n=0, 1, 2, ..., ...