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An optical illusion consisting of a spinnable top marked in black with the pattern shown above. When the wheel is spun (especially slowly), the black broken lines appear as ...

An interpolation formula, sometimes known as the Newton-Bessel formula, given by (1) for p in [0,1], where delta is the central difference and B_(2n) = 1/2G_(2n) (2) = ...

Given a complex Hilbert space H with associated space L(H) of continuous linear operators from H to itself, the bicommutant M^('') of an arbitrary subset M subset= L(H) is ...

A binary bracketing is a bracketing built up entirely of binary operations. The number of binary bracketings of n letters (Catalan's problem) are given by the Catalan numbers ...

A binary plot of an integer sequence is a plot of the binary representations of successive terms where each term is represented as a column of bits with 1s colored black and ...

B^^ = T^^xN^^ (1) = (r^'xr^(''))/(|r^'xr^('')|), (2) where the unit tangent vector T and unit "principal" normal vector N are defined by T^^ = (r^'(s))/(|r^'(s)|) (3) N^^ = ...

A quartic surface which can be constructed as follows. Given a circle C and plane E perpendicular to the plane of C, move a second circle K of the same radius as C through ...

A set S in a metric space (S,d) is bounded if it has a finite generalized diameter, i.e., there is an R<infty such that d(x,y)<=R for all x,y in S. A set in R^n is bounded ...

One of the symbols { and } used in many different contexts in mathematics. Braces are used 1. To denote grouping of mathematical terms, usually as the outermost delimiter in ...

Tracing through the connections of a branchial graph gives rise to the notion of a kind of space in which states on different branches of history are laid out. In particular, ...