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There are two distinct entities both known as the Lagrange number. The more common one arises in rational approximation theory (Conway and Guy 1996), while the other refers ...

Informally, a function f is a one-way function if 1. The description of f is publicly known and does not require any secret information for its operation. 2. Given x, it is ...

A polynomial discriminant is the product of the squares of the differences of the polynomial roots r_i. The discriminant of a polynomial is defined only up to constant ...

The pseudosquare L_p modulo the odd prime p is the least nonsquare positive integer that is congruent to 1 (mod 8) and for which the Legendre symbol (L_p/q)=1 for all odd ...

If there exists a rational integer x such that, when n, p, and q are positive integers, x^n=q (mod p), then q is the n-adic residue of p, i.e., q is an n-adic residue of p ...

A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...

The Hilbert curve is a Lindenmayer system invented by Hilbert (1891) whose limit is a plane-filling function which fills a square. Traversing the polyhedron vertices of an ...

The permanent is an analog of a determinant where all the signs in the expansion by minors are taken as positive. The permanent of a matrix A is the coefficient of x_1...x_n ...

The set R union {infty}, obtained by adjoining one improper element to the set R of real numbers, is the set of projectively extended real numbers. Although notation is not ...

An arithmetic function is a function f(n) defined for all n in N, usually taken to be complex-valued, so that f:N->C (Jones and Jones 1998, p. 143). An alternative definition ...