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If there exists a rational integer x such that, when n, p, and q are positive integers, x^n=q (mod p), then q is the n-adic residue of p, i.e., q is an n-adic residue of p ...

The field of semidefinite programming (SDP) or semidefinite optimization (SDO) deals with optimization problems over symmetric positive semidefinite matrix variables with ...

Simpson's rule is a Newton-Cotes formula for approximating the integral of a function f using quadratic polynomials (i.e., parabolic arcs instead of the straight line ...

A chain complex is a sequence of maps ...-->^(partial_(i+1))C_i-->^(partial_i)C_(i-1)-->^(partial_(i-1))..., (1) where the spaces C_i may be Abelian groups or modules. The ...

A cylindrical projection of points on a unit sphere centered at O consists of extending the line OS for each point S until it intersects a cylinder tangent to the sphere at ...

A Lie group is a smooth manifold obeying the group properties and that satisfies the additional condition that the group operations are differentiable. This definition is ...

A surface (or "space") of section, also called a Poincaré section (Rasband 1990, pp. 7 and 93-94), is a way of presenting a trajectory in n-dimensional phase space in an ...

A transition function describes the difference in the way an object is described in two separate, overlapping coordinate charts, where the description of the same set may ...

Let (K,L) be a pair consisting of finite, connected CW-complexes where L is a subcomplex of K. Define the associated chain complex C(K,L) group-wise for each p by setting ...

Given ∠AXB+∠AYB=pi radians in the above figure, then X and Y are said to be antigonal points with respect to A and B.