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The divergence of a vector field F, denoted div(F) or del ·F (the notation used in this work), is defined by a limit of the surface integral del ·F=lim_(V->0)(∮_SF·da)/V (1) ...

A proof which can be accomplished using only real numbers (i.e., real analysis instead of complex analysis; Hoffman 1998, pp. 92-93).

A singular point a for which f(z)(z-a)^n is not differentiable for any integer n>0.

The question of whether a solution to a given problem exists. The existence problem can be solved in the affirmative without actually finding a solution to the original ...

The graph complement of a graph hole. Graph antiholes are called even if they have an even number of vertices and odd if they have an odd number of vertices (Chvátal). No odd ...

The upper and lower hinges are descriptive statistics of a set of N data values, where N is of the form N=4n+5 with n=0, 1, 2, .... The hinges are obtained by ordering the ...

On an oriented n-dimensional Riemannian manifold, the Hodge star is a linear function which converts alternating differential k-forms to alternating (n-k)-forms. If w is an ...

A formal theory is said to be incomplete if it contains fewer theorems than would be possible while still retaining consistency.

The use of the principle of mathematical induction in a proof. Induction used in mathematics is often called mathematical induction.

Two curves phi and psi satisfying phi+psi=0 are said to be linearly dependent. Similarly, n curves phi_i, i=1, ..., n are said to be linearly dependent if sum_(i=1)^nphi_i=0.