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A group action phi:G×X->X is called faithful if there are no group elements g (except the identity element) such that gx=x for all x in X. Equivalently, the map phi induces ...

The graph complement of a graph hole. Graph antiholes are called even if they have an even number of vertices and odd if they have an odd number of vertices (Chvátal). No odd ...

The upper and lower hinges are descriptive statistics of a set of N data values, where N is of the form N=4n+5 with n=0, 1, 2, .... The hinges are obtained by ordering the ...

On an oriented n-dimensional Riemannian manifold, the Hodge star is a linear function which converts alternating differential k-forms to alternating (n-k)-forms. If w is an ...

A formal theory is said to be incomplete if it contains fewer theorems than would be possible while still retaining consistency.

The use of the principle of mathematical induction in a proof. Induction used in mathematics is often called mathematical induction.

Two curves phi and psi satisfying phi+psi=0 are said to be linearly dependent. Similarly, n curves phi_i, i=1, ..., n are said to be linearly dependent if sum_(i=1)^nphi_i=0.

Logic is the formal mathematical study of the methods, structure, and validity of mathematical deduction and proof. According to Wolfram (2002, p. 860), logic is the most ...

∡A_2MA_3=∡A_2A_1A_3+∡P_2P_1P_3, where ∡ is a directed angle.

Monster-barring is a term coined by Lakatos (1976) to refer to the refining of a hypothesis to rule out nasty counterexamples (Bailey et al. 2007, p. 11).