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The Lyapunov characteristic exponent [LCE] gives the rate of exponential divergence from perturbed initial conditions. To examine the behavior of an orbit around a point ...

A multiplication table is an array showing the result of applying a binary operator to elements of a given set S. For example, the following table is the multiplication table ...

The nearest integer function, also called nint or the round function, is defined such that nint(x) is the integer closest to x. While the notation |_x] is sometimes used to ...

A nonhamiltonian graph is a graph that is not Hamiltonian. All disconnected graphs are therefore nonhamiltoinian, as are acylic graphs. Classes of connected graphs that are ...

An obtuse triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles is an obtuse angle. (Obviously, only a single angle in a triangle can be obtuse or it wouldn't be a triangle.) A ...

Given a point P, the pedal triangle of P is the triangle whose polygon vertices are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to the side lines. The pedal triangle of a triangle ...

The pentaflake is a fractal with 5-fold symmetry. As illustrated above, five pentagons can be arranged around an identical pentagon to form the first iteration of the ...

Plouffe's constants are numbers arising in summations of series related to r_n=f(2^n) where f is a trigonometric function. Define the Iverson bracket function rho(x)={1 for ...

The polar coordinates r (the radial coordinate) and theta (the angular coordinate, often called the polar angle) are defined in terms of Cartesian coordinates by x = ...

Let p(d) be the probability that a random walk on a d-D lattice returns to the origin. In 1921, Pólya proved that p(1)=p(2)=1, (1) but p(d)<1 (2) for d>2. Watson (1939), ...