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A multivariate normal distribution in three variables. It has probability density function (1) where (2) The standardized trivariate normal distribution takes unit variances ...

An alpha value is a number 0<=alpha<=1 such that P(z>=z_(observed))<=alpha is considered "significant," where P is a P-value.

alpha=1/Nsum_(i=1)^N|x_i-mu|=<|x_i-mu|>.

An estimator which exhibits estimator bias.

A statistical distribution having two separated peaks.

An interval into which a given data point does or does not fall.

The converse of Fisher's theorem.

If X and Y are independent variates and X+Y is a normal distribution, then both X and Y must have normal distributions. This was proved by Cramér in 1936.

The difference between a quantity and its estimated or measured quantity.

The ratio of two independent estimates of the variance of a normal distribution.