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The direct product of the rings R_gamma, for gamma some index set I, is the set product_(gamma in I)R_gamma={f:I-> union _(gamma in I)R_gamma|f(gamma) in R_gamma all gamma in ...

The kernel of a ring homomorphism f:R-->S is the set of all elements of R which are mapped to zero. It is the kernel of f as a homomorphism of additive groups. It is an ideal ...

A unit in a ring is an element u such that there exists u^(-1) where u·u^(-1)=1.

A ringoid is a set R with two binary operators, conventionally denoted addition (+) and multiplication (×), where × distributes over + left and right: a(b+c)=ab+ac and ...

For the Helmholtz differential equation to be separable in a coordinate system, the scale factors h_i in the Laplacian del ...

A pseudocylindrical map projection which distorts shape, area, scale, and distance to create attractive average projection properties.

The nonlinear three-dimensional map X^. = -(Y+Z) (1) Y^. = X+aY (2) Z^. = b+XZ-cZ (3) whose strange attractor is show above for a=0.2, b=0.2, and c=8.0.

|_n]={n for n!=0; 1 for n=0. (1)

The m×n rook complement graph K_m square K_n^_ is the graph complement of the m×n rook graph. It has vertex count mn and edge count 2(m; 2)(n; 2), where (n; k) is a binomial ...

If any of the roots of a polynomial are increased, then all of the critical points increase.