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A braid in which strands are intertwined in the center and are free in "handles" on either side of the diagram.

The Betti numbers of a compact orientable n-manifold satisfy the relation b_i=b_(n-i).

The metric ds^2=(dx^2+dy^2)/((1-|z|^2)^2) of the Poincaré hyperbolic disk.

The number q in a star polygon {p/q}.

A line segment on the boundary of a face, also called a side.

A point at which two polygon edges of a polygon meet.

An equation of the form P(x)=0, where P(x) is a polynomial.

A homogeneous polynomial in two or more variables.

If a polynomial P(x) is divided by (x-r), then the remainder is a constant given by P(r).

The ring R[x] of polynomials in a variable x.