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The Diophantine equation x^2+y^2+z^2=3xyz. The Markov numbers m are the union of the solutions (x,y,z) to this equation and are related to Lagrange numbers.

A continuous homomorphism of a group into the nonzero complex numbers. A multiplicative character omega gives a group representation on the one-dimensional space C of complex ...

The odd part Od(n) of a positive integer n is defined by Od(n)=n/(2^(b(n))), where b(n) is the exponent of the exact power of 2 dividing n. Od(n) is therefore the product of ...

Given a Pythagorean triple (a,b,c), the fractions a/b and b/a are called Pythagorean fractions. Diophantus showed that the Pythagorean fractions consist precisely of ...

The doublestruck capital letter Q, Q, denotes the field of rationals. It derives from the German word Quotient, which can be translated as "ratio." The symbol Q first ...

A synonym for integer. The word "rational" is sometimes used for emphasis to distinguish it from other types of "integers" such as cyclotomic integers, Eisenstein integers, ...

The sum of the aliquot divisors of n, given by s(n)=sigma(n)-n, where sigma(n) is the divisor function. The first few values are 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 16, ... ...

For a discrete function f(n), the summatory function is defined by F(n)=sum_(k in D)^nf(k), where D is the domain of the function.

A multiplicative character is called unitary if it has absolute value 1 everywhere.

n-minex is defined as 10^(-n).