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The base-60 notational system for representing real numbers. A base-60 number system was used by the Babylonians and is preserved in the modern measurement of time (hours, ...

The surface corresponding to the region of obscuration when a solid is illuminated from a point light source (located at the radiant point). A disk is the shadow of a sphere ...

Interest which is paid only on the principal and not on the additional amount generated by previous interest payments. A formula for computing simple interest is ...

An odd composite number N is called a Somer-Lucas d-pseudoprime (with d>=1) if there exists a nondegenerate Lucas sequence U(P,Q) with U_0=0, U_1=1, D=P^2-4Q, such that ...

where R[mu+nu-lambda+1]>0, R[lambda]>-1, 0<a<b, J_nu(x) is a Bessel function of the first kind, Gamma(x) is the gamma function, and _2F_1(a,b;c;x) is a hypergeometric ...

A graphical partitioning based on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix of a graph.

An n×n array is called a square array. Considered as a matrix, a square array is called a square matrix.

Stochastic optimization refers to the minimization (or maximization) of a function in the presence of randomness in the optimization process. The randomness may be present as ...

Let P=(P,<=) be a partially ordered set, and let x,y,z in P. If x<=y<=z, then y is said to be between x and z. If y is between x and z and y not in {x,z}, then y is strictly ...

A strictly upper triangular matrix is an upper triangular matrix having 0s along the diagonal as well as the lower portion, i.e., a matrix A=[a_(ij)] such that a_(ij)=0 for ...