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A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a one-way hash function if 1. It is a one-way function. 2. Given M and H(M), it is ...

Let S be a subset of a metric space. Then the set S is open if every point in S has a neighborhood lying in the set. An open set of radius r and center x_0 is the set of all ...

Two totally ordered sets (A,<=) and (B,<=) are order isomorphic iff there is a bijection f from A to B such that for all a_1,a_2 in A, a_1<=a_2 iff f(a_1)<=f(a_2) (Ciesielski ...

Physicists and engineers use the phrase "order of magnitude" to refer to the smallest power of ten needed to represent a quantity. Two quantities A and B which are within ...

Let (A,<=) and (B,<=) be totally ordered sets. Let C=A×B be the Cartesian product and define order as follows. For any a_1,a_2 in A and b_1,b_2 in B, 1. If a_1<a_2, then ...

An oriented link is a link for which each connected component has been given an orientation. As oriented links are equivalent, if there is an orientation preserving ...

A set of two numbers or objects linked in some way is said to be a pair. The pair a and b is usually denoted (a, b), and is generally considered to be ordered, making it a ...

A system of curvilinear coordinates. There are several different conventions for the orientation and designation of these coordinates. Arfken (1970) defines coordinates ...

Given a statistical distribution with measured mean, statistical median, mode, and standard deviation sigma, Pearson's first skewness coefficient, also known as the Pearson ...

A perfect partition is a partition of a number n whose elements uniquely generate any number 1, 2, ..., n. {1,1,...,1_()_(n)} is always a perfect partition of n, and every ...