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An equivalence class is defined as a subset of the form {x in X:xRa}, where a is an element of X and the notation "xRy" is used to mean that there is an equivalence relation ...

An object is unique if there is no other object satisfying its defining properties. An object is said to be essentially unique if uniqueness is only referred to the ...

For p an odd prime and a positive integer a which is not a multiple of p, a^((p-1)/2)=(a/p) (mod p), where (a|p) is the Legendre symbol.

In the course of searching for continued fraction identities, Raayoni (2021) and Elimelech et al. (2023) noticed that while the numerator and denominator of continued ...

A friendly number is a number that is a member of a friendly pair or a higher-order friendly n-tuple. Numbers that are not friendly are said to be solitary. There are some ...

For a positive integer n, (2pi)^((n-1)/2)n^(1/2-nz)Gamma(nz)=product_(k=0)^(n-1)Gamma(z+k/n),

Let the multiples m, 2m, ..., [(p-1)/2]m of an integer such that pm be taken. If there are an even number r of least positive residues mod p of these numbers >p/2, then m is ...

A generalized eigenvector for an n×n matrix A is a vector v for which (A-lambdaI)^kv=0 for some positive integer k in Z^+. Here, I denotes the n×n identity matrix. The ...

A generalization of the equation whose solution is desired in Fermat's last theorem x^n+y^n=z^n to x^n+y^n=cz^n for x, y, z, and c positive constants, with trivial solutions ...

A Goldbach number is a positive integer that is the sum of two odd primes (Li 1999). Let E(x) (the "exceptional set of Goldbach numbers") denote the number of even numbers ...