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Confocal conics are conic sections sharing a common focus. Any two confocal central conics are orthogonal (Ogilvy 1990, p. 77).

The conical spiral with angular frequency a on a cone of height h and radius r is a space curve given by the parametric equations x = (h-z)/hrcos(az) (1) y = (h-z)/hrsin(az) ...

The plane spanned by two coordinate axes in the three-dimensional Euclidean space. The coordinate plane spanned by the x- and the y-axis is called xy-plane.

The divergence of a vector field F, denoted div(F) or del ·F (the notation used in this work), is defined by a limit of the surface integral del ·F=lim_(V->0)(∮_SF·da)/V (1) ...

A symbol used to distinguish a third quantity x^('') ("x double prime") from two other related quantities x and x^' ("x prime). Double primes are most commonly used to denote ...

A quantity is said to be exact if it has a precise and well-defined value. J. W. Tukey remarked in 1962, "Far better an approximate answer to the right question, which is ...

Generally, a face is a component polygon, polyhedron, or polytope. A two-dimensional face thus has vertices and edges, and can be used to make cells. More formally, a face is ...

A game in which each player has a finite number of moves and a finite number of choices at each move.

Let the elements in a payoff matrix be denoted a_(ij), where the is are player A's strategies and the js are player B's strategies. Player A can get at least min_(j<=n)a_(ij) ...

An authalic latitude given by phi_g=tan^(-1)[(1-e^2)tanphi]. (1) The series expansion is phi_g=phi-e_2sin(2phi)+1/2e_2^2sin(4phi)+1/3e_2^3sin(6phi)+..., (2) where ...