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A congruence of the form f(x)=g(x) (mod n), where f(x) and g(x) are both integer polynomials. Functional congruences are sometimes also called "identical congruences" (Nagell ...

The set of all ground atoms that can be formed from predicate symbols from a clause in Skolemized form S and terms from the Herbrand universe H of S.

A ring that is commutative under multiplication, has a multiplicative identity element, and has no divisors of 0. The integers form an integral domain.

A discrete distribution of a random variable such that every possible value can be represented in the form a+bn, where a,b!=0 and n is an integer.

Loess local regression is a nonparametric technique for describing bivariate relationships where the functional form is not known in advance.

Given a marked point process Phi of the form Phi=(T,Y)=((T_n)_(n>=1),(Y_n)_(n>=1)), the space Y=(Y_n)_(n>=1) is said to be the mark space of Phi.

Matrix decomposition refers to the transformation of a given matrix (often assumed to be a square matrix) into a given canonical form.

The geometry of the Lie group consisting of real matrices of the form [1 x y; 0 1 z; 0 0 1], i.e., the Heisenberg group.

Betting odds are written in the form r:s ("r to s") and correspond to the probability of winning P=s/(r+s). Therefore, given a probability P, the odds of winning are ...

For N=k·2^n+1 with k odd and 2^n>k, if there exists an integer a such that a^((N-1)/2)=-1 (mod N), then N is prime. A prime of this form is known as a Proth prime.