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A manifold with a Riemannian metric that has zero curvature is a flat manifold. The basic example is Euclidean space with the usual metric ds^2=sum_(i)dx_i^2. In fact, any ...

The union G=G_1 union G_2 of graphs G_1 and G_2 with disjoint point sets V_1 and V_2 and edge sets X_1 and X_2 is the graph with V=V_1 union V_2 and X=X_1 union X_2 (Harary ...

The Griewank function is a function widely used to test the convergence of optimization functions. The Griewank function of order n is defined by ...

A holyhedron is polyhedron whose faces and holes are all finite-sided polygons and that contains at least one hole whose boundary shares no point with a face boundary. D. ...

There are three flavors of Hough transform. The first (original) was used to detect straight lines in bubble chamber images. The technique parameterizes pattern space, then ...

A root-finding algorithm based on the iteration formula x_(n+1)=x_n-(f(x_n))/(f^'(x_n)){1+(f(x_n)f^('')(x_n))/(2[f^'(x_n)]^2)}. This method, like Newton's method, has poor ...

The term "loop" has a number of meanings in mathematics. Most simply, a loop is a closed curve whose initial and final points coincide in a fixed point p known as the ...

An algorithm for finding roots which retains that prior estimate for which the function value has opposite sign from the function value at the current best estimate of the ...

In French and German usage, one milliard equals 10^9=1000000000. American usage does not have a number called the milliard, instead using the term billion to denote 10^9. ...

Let any finite or infinite set of points having no finite limit point be prescribed and associate with each of its points a principal part, i.e., a rational function of the ...