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Given a commutative unit ring R and an extension ring S, an element s of S is called integral over R if it is one of the roots of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R.

The principal normal indicatrix of a closed space curve with nonvanishing curvature bisects the area of the unit sphere if it is embedded.

The area of the dodecagon (n=12) inscribed in a unit circle with R=1 is A=1/2nR^2sin((2pi)/n)=3.

The statistical index P_L=(sump_nq_0)/(sump_0q_0), where p_n is the price per unit in period n and q_0 is the quantity produced in the initial period.

Given a point set P={x_n}_(n=0)^(N-1) in the s-dimensional unit cube [0,1)^s, the local discrepancy is defined as D(J,P)=|(number of x_n in J)/N-Vol(J)|, Vol(J) is the ...

Let R(x) be the revenue for a production x, C(x) the cost, and P(x) the profit. Then P(x)=R(x)-C(x), and the marginal profit for the x_0th unit is defined by ...

The statistical index P_M=(sump_nq_a)/(sump_0q_a), where p_n is the price per unit in period n and q_n is the quantity produced in period n.

The normalized vector of X is a vector in the same direction but with norm (length) 1. It is denoted X^^ and given by X^^=(X)/(|X|), where |X| is the norm of X. It is also ...

The statistical index P_P=(sump_nq_n)/(sump_0q_n), where p_n is the price per unit in period n and q_n is the quantity produced in period n.

The unit fraction 1/4, also called one-fourth. 1/4 is a rational number with terminating decimal expansion 0.25.