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Sinai billiards is the reflection of a ray of light by an arrangement of perfectly reflecting circles in the plane (Trott 2004, pp. 28-30). The path is extremely sensitive to ...

The regular octagon is the regular polygon with eight sides, as illustrated above. The inradius r, circumradius R, and area A of the regular octagon can be computed directly ...

An Ore graph is a graph that satisfies Ore's theorem, i.e., a graph G for which the sums of the degrees of nonadjacent vertices is greater than or equal to the number of ...

Connect-Four is a tic-tac-toe-like two-player game in which players alternately place pieces on a vertical board 7 columns across and 6 rows high. Each player uses pieces of ...

The Galton board, also known as a quincunx or bean machine, is a device for statistical experiments named after English scientist Sir Francis Galton. It consists of an ...

Kurtosis is defined as a normalized form of the fourth central moment mu_4 of a distribution. There are several flavors of kurtosis, the most commonly encountered variety of ...

The "kurtosis excess" (Kenney and Keeping 1951, p. 27) is defined in terms of the usual kurtosis by gamma_2 = beta_2-3 (1) = (mu_4)/(mu_2^2)-3. (2) It is commonly denoted ...

A polyhedral nonhamiltonian graph is a graph that is simultaneously polyhedral and nonhamiltonian. The smallest possible number of vertices a nonhamiltonian polyhedral graph ...

A connected graph G is said to be t-tough if, for every integer k>1, G cannot be split into k different connected components by the removal of fewer than tk vertices. The ...

In common usage, an ordinal number is an adjective which describes the numerical position of an object, e.g., first, second, third, etc. In formal set theory, an ordinal ...