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A type of mathematical result which is considered by most logicians as more natural than the metamathematical incompleteness results first discovered by Gödel. Finite ...

The set of terms of first-order logic (also known as first-order predicate calculus) is defined by the following rules: 1. A variable is a term. 2. If f is an n-place ...

Propositional calculus is the formal basis of logic dealing with the notion and usage of words such as "NOT," "OR," "AND," and "implies." Many systems of propositional ...

Number theory is a vast and fascinating field of mathematics, sometimes called "higher arithmetic," consisting of the study of the properties of whole numbers. Primes and ...

One of the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and integer (or rational) root extraction.

The procedure used in subtraction to "borrow" 10 from the next higher digit column in order to obtain a positive difference in the column in question.

A Lindenmayer system, also known as an L-system, is a string rewriting system that can be used to generate fractals with dimension between 1 and 2. Several example fractals ...

A fractal which can be written as a Lindenmayer system with initial string "YF", string rewriting rules "X" -> "YF+XF+Y", "Y" -> "XF-YF-X", and angle 60 degrees.

A "curve" (i.e., a continuous map of a one-dimensional interval) into a two-dimensional area (a plane-filling function) or a three-dimensional volume.

A local maximum, also called a relative maximum, is a maximum within some neighborhood that need not be (but may be) a global maximum.