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Presburger arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers containing addition but no multiplication. It is therefore not as powerful as Peano arithmetic. ...

Rational numbers are countable, so an order can be placed on them just like the natural numbers. Although such an ordering is not obvious (nor unique), one such ordering can ...

If the coefficients of the polynomial d_nx^n+d_(n-1)x^(n-1)+...+d_0=0 (1) are specified to be integers, then rational roots must have a numerator which is a factor of d_0 and ...

Consider a second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+P(x)y^'+Q(x)y=0. If P(x) and Q(x) remain finite at x=x_0, then x_0 is called an ordinary point. If either P(x) ...

A fractional integral of order 1/2. The semi-integral of t^lambda is given by D^(-1/2)t^lambda=(t^(lambda+1/2)Gamma(lambda+1))/(Gamma(lambda+3/2)), so the semi-integral of ...

A fractional derivative of order 1/2. The semiderivative of t^lambda is given by D^(1/2)t^lambda=(t^(lambda-1/2)Gamma(lambda+1))/(Gamma(lambda+1/2)), so the semiderivative of ...

Two distinct point pairs AC and BD separate each other if A, B, C, and D lie on a circle (or line) in such order that either of the arcs (or the line segment AC) contains one ...

There exist numbers y_1<y_2<...<y_(n-1), a<y_(n-1), y_(n-1)<b, such that lambda_nu=alpha(y_nu)-alpha(y_(nu-1)), (1) where nu=1, 2, ..., n, y_0=a and y_n=b. Furthermore, the ...

Seymour conjectured that a graph G of order n with minimum vertex degree delta(G)>=kn/(k+1) contains the kth graph power of a Hamiltonian cycle, generalizing Pósa's ...

Order the natural numbers as follows: Now let F be a continuous function from the reals to the reals and suppose p≺q in the above ordering. Then if F has a point of least ...