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For a plane curve, the tangential angle phi is defined by rhodphi=ds, (1) where s is the arc length and rho is the radius of curvature. The tangential angle is therefore ...

The Weingarten equations express the derivatives of the normal vector to a surface using derivatives of the position vector. Let x:U->R^3 be a regular patch, then the shape ...

Two points P,Q on a compact Riemann surface such that P lies on every geodesic passing through Q, and conversely. An oriented surface where every point belongs to a ...

Solve the Pell equation x^2-92y^2=1 in integers. The smallest solution is x=1151, y=120.

A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines. Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships of ...

A matrix is a concise and useful way of uniquely representing and working with linear transformations. In particular, every linear transformation can be represented by a ...

An angle bracket is the combination of a bra and ket (bra+ket = bracket) which represents the inner product of two functions or vectors (or 1-forms), <f|g>=intf(x)g^|(x)dx in ...

Newton's term for a variable in his method of fluxions (differential calculus).

A generalization of the product rule for expressing arbitrary-order derivatives of products of functions, where (n; k) is a binomial coefficient. This can also be written ...

An infinite-dimensional differential calculus on the Wiener space, also called stochastic calculus of variations.