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The forward difference is a finite difference defined by Deltaa_n=a_(n+1)-a_n. (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the forward difference ...

The frame bundle on a Riemannian manifold M is a principal bundle. Over every point p in M, the Riemannian metric determines the set of orthonormal frames, i.e., the possible ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation (1-x^2)y^('')-2(mu+1)xy^'+(nu-mu)(nu+mu+1)y=0 (1) sometimes called the hyperspherical differential equation (Iyanaga and ...

The Griewank function is a function widely used to test the convergence of optimization functions. The Griewank function of order n is defined by ...

For all integers n and nonnegative integers t, the harmonic logarithms lambda_n^((t))(x) of order t and degree n are defined as the unique functions satisfying 1. ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation (d^2y)/(dx^2)-2x(dy)/(dx)+lambday=0. (1) This differential equation has an irregular singularity at infty. It can be solved ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation (d^2y)/(dx^2)+[theta_0+2sum_(n=1)^inftytheta_ncos(2nx)]y=0, (1) where theta_n are fixed constants. A general solution can be ...

A clause (i.e., a disjunction of literals) is called a Horn clause if it contains at most one positive literal. Horn clauses are usually written as L_1,...,L_n=>L(=¬L_1 v ... ...

The identity function id(x) is the function id(x)=x which assigns every real number x to the same real number x. It is identical to the identity map. The identity function is ...

Consider a second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+P(x)y^'+Q(x)y=0. If P(x) and Q(x) remain finite at x=x_0, then x_0 is called an ordinary point. If either P(x) ...