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By choosing appropriate rules, it is possible to achieve many forms of synchronization within cellular automata. One version, known as the firing squad synchronization ...

A flexagon-like structure created by connecting the ends of a strip of four squares after folding along 45 degrees diagonals. Using a number of folding movements, it is ...

One of the beautiful arrangements of circles found at the Temple of Osiris at Abydos, Egypt (Rawles 1997). The pattern also appears in Phoenician art from the 9th century BC ...

A graph is a forbidden (vertex-)induced subgraph if its presence as a vertex-induced subgraph of a given graph means it is not a member of some family of graphs. For example, ...

A graph is a forbidden subgraph if its presence as a subgraph of a given graph means it is not a member of some family of graphs. For example, a bipartite graph is a graph ...

A graph is a forbidden topological minor (also known as a forbidden homeomorphic subgraph) if its presence as a homeomorphic subgraph of a given graph (i.e., there is an ...

A technique in set theory invented by P. Cohen (1963, 1964, 1966) and used to prove that the axiom of choice and continuum hypothesis are independent of one another in ...

Given an infinitive sequence {x_n} with associative array a(i,j), then {x_n} is said to be a fractal sequence 1. If i+1=x_n, then there exists m<n such that i=x_m, 2. If h<i, ...

A free Abelian group is a group G with a subset which generates the group G with the only relation being ab=ba. That is, it has no group torsion. All such groups are a direct ...

Fubini's theorem, sometimes called Tonelli's theorem, establishes a connection between a multiple integral and a repeated one. If f(x,y) is continuous on the rectangular ...