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A transformation that preserves angles and changes all distances in the same ratio, called the ratio of magnification. A similarity can also be defined as a transformation ...

The expansion of the two sides of a sum equality in terms of polynomials in x^m and y^k, followed by closed form summation in terms of x and y. For an example of the ...

The Sombor energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its Sombor matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its Sombor matrix.

A spatial point process is a point process which models data that is localized at a discrete set of locations in space or, more specifically, on a plane.

A sequence of approximations a/b to sqrt(n) can be derived by factoring a^2-nb^2=+/-1 (1) (where -1 is possible only if -1 is a quadratic residue of n). Then ...

For two random variates X and Y, the correlation is defined bY cor(X,Y)=(cov(X,Y))/(sigma_Xsigma_Y), (1) where sigma_X denotes standard deviation and cov(X,Y) is the ...

For what value of x is f(x)=x^(1/x) a maximum? The maximum occurs at x=e, where f^'(x)=x^(-2+1/x)(1-lnx)=0, (1) which is zero at x=e and gives a maximum of ...

A pseudoprime which obeys an additional restriction beyond that required for a Frobenius pseudoprime. A number n with (n,2a)=1 is a strong Frobenius pseudoprime with respect ...

A strongly connected component of a simple directed graph (i.e., a digraph without loops) is a maximal subdigraph such that for every pair of distinct vertices u, v in the ...

The multiplicative suborder of a number a (mod n) is the least exponent e>0 such that a^e=+/-1 (mod n), or zero if no such e exists. An e always exists if GCD(a,n)=1 and n>1. ...