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Let A be a non-unital C^*-algebra. There is a unique (up to isomorphism) unital C^*-algebra which contains A as an essential ideal and is maximal in the sense that any other ...

A subset {v_1,...,v_k} of a vector space V, with the inner product <,>, is called orthogonal if <v_i,v_j>=0 when i!=j. That is, the vectors are mutually perpendicular. Note ...

The metabigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron is a convex equilateral solid obtained by rotating two of the pentagonal cupolas of a small rhombicosidodecahedron located in the ...

Proof theory, also called metamathematics, is the study of mathematics and mathematical reasoning (Hofstadter 1989) in a general and abstract sense itself. Instead of ...

A short exact sequence of groups A, B, and C is given by two maps alpha:A->B and beta:B->C and is written 0->A->B->C->0. (1) Because it is an exact sequence, alpha is ...

A singular integral is an integral whose integrand reaches an infinite value at one or more points in the domain of integration. Even so, such integrals can converge, in ...

For d>=1, Omega an open subset of R^d, p in [1;+infty] and s in N, the Sobolev space W^(s,p)(R^d) is defined by W^(s,p)(Omega)={f in L^p(Omega): forall ...

Define the minimal bounding rectangle as the smallest rectangle containing a given lattice polygon. If the perimeter of the lattice polygon is equal to that of its minimal ...

A von Neumann regular ring is a ring R such that for all a in R, there exists a b in R satisfying a=aba (Jacobson 1989, p. 196). More formally, a ring R is regular in the ...

The lattice method is an alternative to long multiplication for numbers. In this approach, a lattice is first constructed, sized to fit the numbers being multiplied. If we ...