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A quantity which is subtracted from another (the minuend).

The double-struck capital letter I, I, is a symbol sometimes used instead of Z for the ring of integers. In contrast, the lower case symbol i is used to refer to the ...

A congruence of the form f(x)=0 (mod n) where f(x) is an integer polynomial (Nagell 1951, p. 73).

An Artin L-function over the rationals Q encodes in a generating function information about how an irreducible monic polynomial over Z factors when reduced modulo each prime. ...

A pair of numbers m and n such that sigma(m)=sigma(n)=m+n-1, where sigma(m) is the divisor function. Beck and Najar (1977) found 11 augmented amicable pairs.

Let P be the set of primes, and let Q_p and Z_p(t) be the fields of p-adic numbers and formal power series over Z_p=(0,1,...,p-1). Further, suppose that D is a "nonprincipal ...

If there is an integer x such that x^4=q (mod p), then q is said to be a biquadratic residue (mod p). If not, q is said to be a biquadratic nonresidue (mod p).

If bc=bd (mod a) and (b,a)=1 (i.e., a and b are relatively prime), then c=d (mod a).

Two complex numbers z=x+iy and z^'=x^'+iy^' are added together componentwise, z+z^'=(x+x^')+i(y+y^'). In component form, (x,y)+(x^',y^')=(x+x^',y+y^') (Krantz 1999, p. 1).

The division of two complex numbers can be accomplished by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator, for example, with z_1=a+bi ...