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An abstract group is a group characterized only by its abstract properties and not by the particular representations chosen for elements. For example, there are two distinct ...

Given a field F and an extension field K superset= F, an element alpha in K is called algebraic over F if it is a root of some nonzero polynomial with coefficients in F. ...

An algebraic group is a variety (or scheme) endowed with a group structure such that the group operations are morphisms of varieties (or schemes). The concept is similar to ...

Let M^n be a compact n-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold without boundary, let O be a group representation of pi_1(M) by orthogonal matrices, and let E(O) be the ...

Any square matrix A can be written as a sum A=A_S+A_A, (1) where A_S=1/2(A+A^(T)) (2) is a symmetric matrix known as the symmetric part of A and A_A=1/2(A-A^(T)) (3) is an ...

Given a module M over a commutative unit ring R and a filtration F:... subset= I_2 subset= I_1 subset= I_0=R (1) of ideals of R, the associated graded module of M with ...

Given a commutative unit ring R and a filtration F:... subset= I_2 subset= I_1 subset= I_0=R (1) of ideals of R, the associated graded ring of R with respect to F is the ...

An augmented matrix is a matrix obtained by adjoining a row or column vector, or sometimes another matrix with the same vertical dimension. The most common use of an ...

For a normed space (X,||·||), define X^~ to be the set of all equivalent classes of Cauchy sequences obtained by the relation {x_n}∼{y_n} if and only if lim_(n)||x_n-y_n||=0. ...

A block diagonal matrix, also called a diagonal block matrix, is a square diagonal matrix in which the diagonal elements are square matrices of any size (possibly even 1×1), ...