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An analog of the determinant for number triangles defined as a signed sum indexed by set partitions of {1,...,n} into pairs of elements. The Pfaffian is the square root of ...

The element in the diagonal of a matrix by which other elements are divided in an algorithm such as Gauss-Jordan elimination is called the pivot element. Partial pivoting is ...

Polynomial identities involving sums and differences of like powers include x^2-y^2 = (x-y)(x+y) (1) x^3-y^3 = (x-y)(x^2+xy+y^2) (2) x^3+y^3 = (x+y)(x^2-xy+y^2) (3) x^4-y^4 = ...

A positive matrix is a real or integer matrix (a)_(ij) for which each matrix element is a positive number, i.e., a_(ij)>0 for all i, j. Positive matrices are therefore a ...

You buy 100 pounds of potatoes and are told that they are 99% water. After leaving them outside, you discover that they are now 98% water. The weight of the dehydrated ...

An extension A subset B of a group, ring, module, field, etc., such that A!=B.

A scalar which reverses sign under inversion is called a pseudoscalar. For example, the scalar triple product A·(BxC) is a pseudoscalar since A·(BxC)=-[-A·((-B)x(-C))].

The doublestruck capital letter Q, Q, denotes the field of rationals. It derives from the German word Quotient, which can be translated as "ratio." The symbol Q first ...

If N is a submodule of the module M over the ring R, the quotient group M/N has a natural structure of R-module with the product defined by a(x+N)=ax+N for all a in R and all ...

There are several definitions of a ray. When viewed as a vector, a ray is a vector AB^-> from a point A to a point B. In geometry, a ray is usually taken as a half-infinite ...