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The spectrum of a ring is the set of proper prime ideals, Spec(R)={p:p is a prime ideal in R}. (1) The classical example is the spectrum of polynomial rings. For instance, ...

One of the three standard tori given by the parametric equations x = (c+acosv)cosu (1) y = (c+acosv)sinu (2) z = asinv (3) with c>a. This is the torus which is generally ...

The ring of integers is the set of integers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., which form a ring. This ring is commonly denoted Z (doublestruck Z), or sometimes I (doublestruck I). ...

In the directed graph above, pick any vertex and follow the arrows in sequence blue-red-red three times. You will finish at the green vertex. Similarly, follow the sequence ...

A stochastic approximation method that functions by placing conditions on iterative step sizes and whose convergence is guaranteed under mild conditions. However, the method ...

Building on work of Huntington (1933ab), Robbins conjectured that the equations for a Robbins algebra, commutativity, associativity, and the Robbins axiom !(!(x v y) v !(x v ...

The conjecture that the equations for a Robbins algebra, commutativity, associativity, and the Robbins axiom !(!(x v y) v !(x v !y))=x, where !x denotes NOT and x v y denotes ...

The Robbins constant is the mean line segment length, i.e., the expected distance between two points chosen at random in cube line picking, namely Delta(3) = (1) = (2) = ...

The Robertson-Seymour theorem, also called the graph minor theorem, is a generalization of the Kuratowski reduction theorem by Robertson and Seymour, which states that the ...

Robertson's apex graph is the 15-vertex graph illustrated above constructed by Neil Robertson as an example of an apex graph that is not YDeltaY-reducible. The graph may be ...