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Subtraction is the operation of taking the difference d=x-y of two numbers x and y. Here, x is called the minuend, y is called the subtrahend, and the symbol between the x ...

A tree G^' whose graph vertices and graph edges form subsets of the graph vertices and graph edges of a given tree G.

For any ordinal number alpha, the successor of alpha is alpha union {alpha} (Ciesielski 1997, p. 46). The successor of an ordinal number alpha is therefore the next ordinal, ...

A condition used in the definition of a mathematical object, commonly denoted : or |. For example, the rationals Q can be defined by Q={p/q:q!=0,p,q in Z}, read as "the set ...

A condition which, if true, guarantees that a result is also true. (However, the result may also be true if the condition is not met.) If a condition is both necessary and ...

Summation by parts for discrete variables is the equivalent of integration by parts for continuous variables Delta^(-1)[v(x)Deltau(x)]=u(x)v(x)-Delta^(-1)[Eu(x)Deltav(x)], ...

For a discrete function f(n), the summatory function is defined by F(n)=sum_(k in D)^nf(k), where D is the domain of the function.

Let h>=2 and let A_1, A_2, ..., A_h be sets of integers. The sumset A_1+A_2+...+A_h is the set of all integers of the form a_1+a_2+...+a_h, where a_i is a member of A_i for ...

A Poulet number whose divisors d all satisfy d|2^d-2. The first few are 341, 1387, 2047, 2701, 3277, 4033, 4369, 4681, 5461, 7957, 8321, ... (OEIS A050217).

Two integers (m,n) form a super unitary amicable pair if sigma^*(sigma^*(m))=sigma^*(sigma^*(n))=m+n, where sigma^*(n) is the unitary divisor function. The first few pairs ...