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A proof or demonstration is said to be rigorous if the validity of each step and the connections between the steps is explicitly made clear in such a way that the result ...

The inversion of a ring torus. If the inversion center lies on the torus, then the ring cyclide degenerates to a parabolic ring cyclide.

The direct product of the rings R_gamma, for gamma some index set I, is the set product_(gamma in I)R_gamma={f:I-> union _(gamma in I)R_gamma|f(gamma) in R_gamma all gamma in ...

The kernel of a ring homomorphism f:R-->S is the set of all elements of R which are mapped to zero. It is the kernel of f as a homomorphism of additive groups. It is an ideal ...

A unit in a ring is an element u such that there exists u^(-1) where u·u^(-1)=1.

A ringoid is a set R with two binary operators, conventionally denoted addition (+) and multiplication (×), where × distributes over + left and right: a(b+c)=ab+ac and ...

The logical axiom R(x,y)=!(!(x v y) v !(x v !y))=x, where !x denotes NOT and x v y denotes OR, that, when taken together with associativity and commutativity, is equivalent ...

A pseudocylindrical map projection which distorts shape, area, scale, and distance to create attractive average projection properties.

An estimation technique which is insensitive to small departures from the idealized assumptions which have been used to optimize the algorithm. Classes of such techniques ...

|_n]={n for n!=0; 1 for n=0. (1)