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A face-centered cubic sphere packing obtained by placing layers of spheres one on top of another. Because there are two distinct ways to place each layer on top of the ...

In 1891, Chebyshev and Sylvester showed that for sufficiently large x, there exists at least one prime number p satisfying x<p<(1+alpha)x, where alpha=0.092.... Since the ...

A function f(x) is said to be constructible if some algorithm F computes it, in binary, within volume O(f(x)), i.e., V_(F(x))=O(f(x)). Here, the volume V_(A(x)) is the ...

A natural number n>3 such that n|(a^(n-2)-a) whenever (a,n)=1 (a and n are relatively prime) and a<=n. (Here, n|m means that n divides m.) There are an infinite number of ...

A definition assigns properties to some sort of mathematical object. For example, Euclid's Elements starts with a number of definitions, such as "a line is a breadthless ...

A piecewise regular function that 1. Has a finite number of finite discontinuities and 2. Has a finite number of extrema can be expanded in a Fourier series which converges ...

The disorder number of a simple connected graph on n vertices is defined as the maximum length of a walk along the edges of the graph taken over all ordering of its vertices ...

The size of a minimum edge cover in a graph G is known as the edge cover number of G, denoted rho(G). If a graph G has no isolated points, then nu(G)+rho(G)=|G|, where nu(G) ...

An object created by folding a piece of paper along certain lines to form loops. The number of states possible in an n-flexagon is a Catalan number. By manipulating the ...

The Gaussian joint variable theorem, also called the multivariate theorem, states that given an even number of variates from a normal distribution with means all 0, (1) etc. ...